A common ocular sign associated with inflammation, conjunctival injection is non uniform redness of the conjunctiva from hyperemia. This redness can be diffuse, localized, or peripheral, or it may encircle a clear cornea.

Conjunctival injection usually results from bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, but it can also signal a severe ocular disorder that, if untreated, may lead to permanent blindness. Conjunctival injection can also result from minor eye irritation due to inadequate sleep, overuse of contact lenses, environmental irritants, and excessive eye rubbing.

Causes of conjunctival injection:
Blepharitis: This disorder produces diffuse conjunctival injection. Ulcerations appear on the eyelids, which burn, itch, and have no lashes.

Chemical burns: Diffuse conjunctival injection occurs in this ocular emergency, but severe pain is the main symptom.
Conjunctival foreign bodies and abrasions: These conditions feature localized conjunctival injection with sudden, severe eye pain.

Corneal abrasion: Diffuse conjunctival injection is extremely painful in this disorder, especially when the eyelids move over the abrasion. The patient may also report photophobia, excessive tearing, blurred vision, and a foreign body sensation.

Corneal erosion: Recurrent corneal erosion produces diffuse conjunctival injection; severe, continuous pain from rubbing of the eyelid over the eroded area of the cornea; and photophobia.

Dacryoadenitis: This disorder produces diffuse conjunctival injection, pain over the temporal part of the eye, considerable lid swelling and, possibly, a purulent eye discharge.

Trachoma: Conjunctival injection is an early sign of trachoma, a leading cause of blindness in Third World countries and among Native Americans in the southwestern United States. Caused by a bacterial infection, trachoma may also produce eyelid swelling and corneal cloudiness.

Scleritis: In this relatively rare disorder, conjunctival injection can be diffuse or localized over the area of the scleritis nodule. The patient has severe pain on moving the eye, photophobia, tenderness, and tearing.

Glaucoma: In acute angle-closure glaucoma, conjunctival injection is typically circumcorneal. Other signs and symptoms include severe eye pain, nausea and vomiting, severely elevated IOP, blurred vision, and the perception of rainbow-colored halos around lights. Corneas appear steamy because of corneal edema. The pupil of the affected eye is moderately dilated and completely unresponsive to light.

Homoeopathic approach:
Graphites:
Phlyctenular ophthalmia.
It is one of our best remedies in vesicles on the cornea and ulceration in scrofulous children, there is intense burning, lachrymation, the canthi crack and bleed.
Scrofulous ophthalmia with tendency to wild hairs.

Arsenicum:
Here the great characteristic is burning, as if from fire, burning discharges relieved by warmth, intermittent pains, ulcerations of cornea, running a rapid course with a high degree of inflammation.

It is useful in obstinate cases of ophthalmia of the strumous variety when other remedies fail.
Useful in glaucoma with periodical exacerbation of the pain which is intense and burning.

Nitric acid
It is often indispensable in ophthalmia neonatorum, but its main use is in superficial ulcers of the cornea with splinter-like pains.

It is also considered to be one of our best remedies in corneal opacities.

Euphrasia:
One of our best remedies in eye affections it has an inflammation of the lids, which appear red and injected, or perhaps ulcerated, with a profuse excoriating discharge, photophobia, cannot bear artificial light.
Pustules near the border of the cornea.

Reading or writing brings on pain in the eyes. Conjunctivitis, blisters and phlyctenules on the conjunctiva, blurred sight, acrid purulent discharge.

Traumatic conjunctivitis. Rheumatic iritis, burning , stinging, shooting pains worse at night.
Phlyctenular ophthalmias with excoriating discharge.

Calcarea carbonica:
Out best remedy for scrofulous ophthalmias, corresponding to the worst cases, no remedy excels it in opacities and ulcerations of the cornea

The general symptoms will indicate the remedy.

Discharge bland, cornea opaque and lids thickened.

Conjunctivitis form getting wet.

The eyes are so sensitive to the light that patient insists on thick covering, and lachrymation is constant.
There are phlyctenules and pustules on the cornea and the lids are glued together.

Fistula lachrymalis.

Sulphur:
This remedy will be found especially useful in conjunctivitis from a foreign body, after Aconite or Ferrum phosphoricum in scrofulous inflammation of the eyes, with tendency to congestion
The eyes are red and injected and there are splinter-like pains in them, worse in hot weather; it suits old chronic cases.

Keratitis sub-acute conjunctivitis, particularly scrofulous cases with acrid discharge, hot tears flow out on opening eyes.

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