Acute pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a small organ located between the stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum). This organ performs a few important functions. It produces and releases enzymes that help with the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and other elements in the gastrointestinal tract. It also secretes two hormones, glucagon and insulin, both of which enter the bloodstream, and influence the body\’s use of glucose.

When the pancreas becomes inflamed, these two functions become compromised. In addition, a number of serious symptoms and complications can surface, potentially jeopardizing the life of the patient. We\’ll explain the causes of acute pancreatitis below, and describe the treatment measures used to resolve it.

Factors That Can Lead To Acute Pancreatitis

The digestive enzymes released by the pancreas travel through the pancreatic duct en route to the duodenum. On the way, they reach a junction where the duct joins the common bile duct. Under normal circumstances, these enzymes flow through the ducts in an inert state. The fluid contains agents that inhibit them, preventing them from becoming active. If, however, the enzymes become trapped while inside the pancreatic duct, they will eventually become activated. Lacking carbohydrates and fats to digest, they will begin to digest the tissue of the pancreas, causing inflammation.

The leading cause of acute pancreatitis is the presence of gallstones in the bile duct, past the junction where it joins the pancreatic duct. They block the passage of the enzymes, trapping them in the latter tube, at which point they become activated.

Heavy alcohol consumption, viral infections, certain medications, and trauma to the abdomen, can also contribute to the condition. Additional risk factors include abnormally high levels of calcium and triglycerides in the patient\’s bloodstream as well as hyperparathyroidism.

Common Symptoms Of The Disease

Upper abdominal pain is usually the first indication of acute pancreatitis. In most cases, the pain is severe and starts quickly beneath the sternum. Sometimes, it begins as mild discomfort, and intensifies over the following days. Nearly half of patients experience pain that spreads from the abdomen into the back.

Nausea and vomiting are common with this disease as well as tenderness in the upper abdomen. Many patients also experience a fever as the condition worsens.

These symptoms warrant medical care. If the disease is left unresolved, a number of serious complications can develop. For example, damaged portion of the pancreas will be more susceptible to infection, which can become systemic if it reaches the bloodstream. Toxins released by the pancreas may travel via the bloodstream to other organs; potential outcomes include kidney failure and diminished lung function.

Another complication results from a lack of digestive enzymes available for digestion. The patient may experience bouts of diarrhea, and eventually display symptoms of malnutrition.

Acute pancreatitis also affects the pancreas\’s ability to produce sufficient glucagon and insulin. This impairs the body\’s use of glucose, which can lead to the onset of diabetes.

Treatment Options Based On The Underlying Cause

Once acute pancreatitis has been diagnosed, the patient normally receives fluids via an IV, and drugs to reduce the pain. Food consumption is stopped until the inflammation can be managed. After the doctor determines the underlying problem that has caused the condition, treatment begins.

If a blockage is discovered in the bile duct, past the point at which the tube joins the pancreatic duct, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed. The most common type of obstruction is gallstones, which are removed to restore the flow of fluids. Surgery may be done to remove the gallbladder to eliminate the risk of a recurrence.

If the bile duct has become narrowed, the doctor may place a stent to ensure the tube stays open. Balloon dilatation can also be used for the same effect. This approach is a temporary solution, however, since the duct can close again. A stent is often placed months after dilation has been performed.

Acute pancreatitis can be fatal if the patient neglects to seek hospitalization. In most cases, the pain is severe enough to prompt action.

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